Imagine a world where streams defy gravity, flowing uphill against all odds. An Ethiopian proverb uses this rare image to explore the intricate dynamics between gender and leadership.

Some see it as a metaphor for women’s extraordinary ability to achieve what seems impossible—like making a stream run uphill. Others may interpret it as a reflection of societal scepticism, where both women’s leadership and uphill streams are seen as impossible.

However, natural phenomena like at Kenya’s Kituluni Hill show that streams can indeed appear to flow uphill, challenging our perceptions of what is possible. But is this incredible defiance of gravity real? Or is it a trick of the eye?

In the dual world of impossibility and illusion, choices are limited: women either achieve the unimaginable, or their leadership remains fantasy. True progress means moving beyond duality. Let’s explore the proverb from a fresh perspective, by flipping it on its head.

What if streams must run uphill for women to lead? This suggests that significant obstacles must be overcome for women to hold their power. The real question is: Do we want to create a world where women can live fully without having to defy gravity? If so, why?

The Niles journalists delve into what we collectively stand to gain when the limitations and barriers surrounding women are removed so that their—and our—basic human needs are fulfilled, not only to survive and live well but also to live free and belong.

What do you need?
Editorial

SURVIVAL

Survival 101: Stop the war, protect the future
Interview / Esther Muwombi

Virunga: How violence destroys choice
Photo-essay / Daniel Buuma

Women leading water conservation in Kajiado County
Sola Arasha

Women navigating the Nile: Survival charts a path towards change
Rita Opanji James

Amua: A journey towards self-determination in Migori
Photo-essay / Curity Ogada

A tale of two rivers
Pius Sawa

WELLBEING

Together strong: The first female farmers’ union in Upper Egypt advances fairness and equality
Sara Gamal

Zuri: A journey to give back blossoms in support and wellbeing
Mugume Davis

Surrounded by water, deprived of access: The paradox of scarcity at Lake Victoria
Daniel Remo Msangya, Jasmine Shamwepu, Veronica Modest

Toxic water, unequal impact: The gendered toll of industrial pollution
Sharon Musaki

Women of Ukerewe innovate in cooking, challenge the patriarchy and protect resources
Lilian Ruggua

Trading fish for freedom
Winnie Cirino

Soil, water and dignity: Untangling gender and power in the Nile Basin
Data story / Joyce Chimbi

FREEDOM

Guardians of the Nile: Women’s synergy protects the basin
Keziah Wangui Githinji

Free to grow? How the gender of money defines economic futures
Ferdinand Mbonihankuye

Ganobia Hora: Young women embody ecofeminism in southern Egypt
Enas Kamal

Women in STEM open the door to freedom
Innocent Kiza, Okello Jesus Ojara

Ripple effect: Gender equity in water governance key to prosperity and sustainability
Comment / Raphael Obonyo

IDENTITY

Shaping identities through leadership
Raphael Obonyo

A relentless pursuit of solutions
Annonciata Byukusenge

Women uniting wildlife and tourist trails
Diana Kibuuka Nakayima

Eco-caregivers: Nurturing the future
Comment / Keziah Wangui Githinji

Bold bonds
Pauline Ongaji

Building the foundations of transformation
Esther Muwombi, Mugume Davis Rwakaringi

When asked with care, attention, and a readiness to listen, the question “What do you need?” opens the door to connection and understanding. Women are often expected to take on caretaking roles, profoundly connecting them to nature and the resources that sustain their communities. This responsibility extends beyond their immediate families, positioning them as stewards of the land entrusted with managing and protecting vital natural resources.

The same systems that oppress women often exploit and degrade nature, reflecting a broader disregard for nurturing and care. These systems elevate qualities like aggression, dominance, and control — usually labelled as masculine — while undervaluing traits traditionally associated with femininity, such as empathy, collaboration, and care. The result is a culture of competition, exploitation, and a relentless drive for dominance. This system is known as patriarchy.

In this edition, The Niles journalists delve into the roots of the constraints imposed by patriarchal systems and cultures. They offer solutions drawn from diverse experiences, traditional knowledge, and modern innovations. While these solutions provide a path forward, their success depends on recognising that both men and women are participants in the patriarchal system — and both can be part of the solution. At the core of all human existence lies the answer to the same question: What do we need? The answer encompasses four basic needs: survival, well-being, freedom, and identity.

As we explore what it means to be well, free, and belong, it becomes clear that these concepts are inextricably linked with our identities. In many Nile Basin cultures, womanhood and manhood are often confined to traditional definitions. But what happens when these roles are challenged? When individuals step outside the boundaries of these expectations and assert their need to live fully?

The journey that follows is not merely about personal survival or well-being; it is a broader pursuit of the freedom to redefine what it means to be a woman or a man in these societies. It is a continuous effort towards belonging to a community that recognises and values individuals for who they are rather than confining them to predetermined roles based on gender.

When women and men alike begin to question and push against these traditional confines, they are not just seeking to expand their own horizons — they are also paving the way for a more inclusive and equitable society — a society where caregiving, nurturing, and maintaining the social fabric are seen as valuable contributions from all members and where qualities like empathy and collaboration are valued alongside strength and leadership.

This same spirit of redefinition and challenge is essential in Nile Basin cooperation. As countries within the region navigate complex water management, resource sharing, and environmental sustainability issues, women’s leadership — grounded in empathy, collaboration, and a deep connection to the land — becomes crucial. Women leaders are not just advocating for equitable resource distribution; they are also reshaping the framework of cooperation to include voices and perspectives that have traditionally been marginalised.

If more women were to take on leadership roles within this context, a leadership style rooted in collaboration, empathy, and care could emerge as the dominant approach. This shift would encourage others to adopt these values, creating a ripple effect that could strengthen cooperative efforts across the Nile Basin. In this way, women’s leadership would not only influence the outcomes of cooperation but also transform the very nature of leadership itself, paving the way for a more inclusive and sustainable future for the entire region.

Through these acts of defiance and redefinition, we see the emergence of a new narrative — one where men and women are not bound by the limitations of patriarchal structures but are free to build identities and communities that reflect the diverse and dynamic nature of human existence. This is the story that unfolds in the pages of this edition, offering us all a glimpse of what is possible when we dare to ask: What do you need? And how can we work together to remove the obstacles in our path?

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

Interview

Q: What sparked your journey into environmental activism, and how do you maintain your motivation despite the challenges you face?

A: As a first-year physics’ student, I believed science could change the world. A violent incident at my university, where regime loyalists attacked students, affirmed my belief. Regime loyalists came to our school and threw two students from a balcony, with one tragically passing away. This made me realise that scientists need to be decision-makers. During the following months, I researched science diplomacy, leading to topics like water and climate change. I then volunteered with a local organisation focused on these issues. I’ve been committed ever since.

Q: Can you share a success story highlighting the positive impact of women’s leadership in environmental conservation?

A: My success story started with a big failure. Our initial project plan, in a suburb of Khartoum, called Mayo, aimed to plant trees and create wall art. However, we discovered that our target area lacked water, and because of the water shortage, there were several school dropouts. Children spent hours searching for water and had little time to be in school. So another question arose: “How can we ask someone to irrigate a tree if they cannot easily find water to drink themselves?” We made calls here and there to talk about the problem. We eventually formed partnerships, and different organisations came to visit. Our initial project budget was USD 5,000. This small project grew into a USD 5 million initiative that addressed water and sanitation needs, built more schools, and significantly improved the community. Though the war halted our work, the partnerships and resources we gathered were a great success.

Q: How can women in Sudan contribute to building climate resilience in their communities, especially in areas affected by war and violence?

A: We conducted a study on the impact of the war on Sudan’s climate. The study revealed that the only way to avoid a famine catastrophe during this conflict is by building community resilience in relatively safe areas to continue agriculture. Women, often responsible for agriculture, are key to this resilience. They possess the indigenous knowledge necessary to sustain agriculture, which is crucial for preventing famine, where millions could die from hunger rather than bullets. Despite facing systematic rape and slavery during this war, women are still making significant contributions to their communities through agriculture and other activities.

Q: What are the main barriers preventing women from participating in environmental activism and climate change mitigation efforts in Sudan, and how can these barriers be addressed?

A: Women in Sudan often lead the way in activism, yet bureaucracy prevents them from holding higher positions. Few women head organisations despite the higher numbers of female volunteers. Cultural customs, lack of education, and inadequate women’s rights further hinder their participation. Addressing these issues requires systemic changes in both cultural attitudes and organisational structures. There needs to be greater awareness among households and communities about global environmental problems because these issues transcend borders. What happens in the USA can affect people in Sudan. Raising awareness will help women become active on a larger scale. Additionally, financially empowering women is crucial. If women cannot earn, they cannot make decisions. It’s that simple.

Q: How do you engage with local communities to raise awareness about environmental issues, and what strategies have proven most effective?

A: I start with a needs assessment to gauge the community’s knowledge. Local communities, especially in rural areas, often understand environmental problems intuitively and have their adaptation methods. Focusing on these local solutions and scaling them up has proven effective.

Q: What unique perspectives and skills do women bring to climate change activism and environmental conservation in Sudan?

A: Women in Sudan are deeply connected to nature through their daily responsibilities, such as fetching water, gathering wood, and managing household needs. For decades, they have excelled at inventing new methods for drying meat, preserving food, baking, and cooking more economically and efficiently to reduce the amount of wood and water needed. They have developed innovative, efficient methods for food preservation and resource use, which are crucial for sustainability. Their strong connection to nature enables them to find practical solutions to environmental problems.

Q: How has the conflict impacted your efforts to advocate for environmental conservation?

A: It has added complications and increased the workload but has not stopped our work.

Q: What are the current environmental initiatives or projects you are involved in?

A: At the national level, we are focusing on addressing the impact of the war, such as widespread tree-cutting for military operations and energy production. We are conducting needs assessments and research to identify safe areas for intervention. Globally, I am working to create a network for climate action in conflict-affected countries, providing resources and training to help these communities function better despite instability.

Q: You have expressed confidence that the global climate movement will succeed and yield positive results. What do you consider to be a successful outcome for this movement, particularly for Sudan?

A: The most significant success is the existence of the movement itself. For a long time, climate change was seen as an issue for elites or developed countries, but now there is a robust climate movement in Sudan. Even under dire circumstances like displacement and loss, people are still researching and working on climate issues. They are communicating with the international community and each other, keeping climate change at the top of their agenda. This persistence, despite their hardships, is the most significant success.

Q: What is your long-term vision for Sudan’s environment, and what steps are necessary to achieve it?

A: Sudan is rich in natural resources, and managing these resources effectively requires a holistic approach. This is my vision. My vision is tremendous, but due to the ongoing conflict, it feels more like a dream. I pray for peace daily so we can implement the strategies my fellow activists and I have envisioned for Sudan.

Q: What message do you have for the warring parties in Sudan regarding the war’s impact on the people and the environment?

A: The impact of this war on our people and the environment is devastating. Stop this war right now. The environmental cost is unbearable for everyone involved. The people and the government cannot afford it.

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

Photo-essay

The Virunga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is Africa’s oldest national park. Established in 1925, it encompasses diverse landscapes from snow-capped mountains to volcanic plains and rainforests. The park is known for its exceptional biodiversity, including critically endangered mountain gorillas.

However, Virunga faces violence, poaching, habitat loss, and resource extraction threats. Conservation efforts are underway, but park rangers protecting the park’s wildlife and resources often face danger.

As dawn breaks, the Kanyarutshinya camp in eastern Congo stirs. Women and children, the heart of this displaced community, rise to venture into Virunga National Park, not for leisure but to stave off hunger.

Their journey is arduous. For three hours, they trek through rain-soaked hills, the lush beauty of Virunga contrasting sharply with their plight. This UNESCO World Heritage Site, home to endangered gorillas, has become risky farmland.

Over 7.2 million people, primarily women and children, live in camps like Kanyarutshinya. Government aid is scant, forcing them to cultivate potatoes within the park.

Their path is dangerous. Violence is a constant threat, with clashes between rebels and the national army erupting within the park. At three checkpoints, the women pay 1,000 Congolese francs (about USD 0.35) for the risky privilege of farming forbidden land.

Yet, the women persist, which is both inspiring and tragic. Farming alleviates hunger but harms the park’s fragile ecosystem. Over 300 hectares have already been damaged. Displaced people cultivate crops and cut down trees for survival, activities that persist due to ongoing violence. The park’s use as a battleground further complicates conservation efforts.

The story of these women underscores the human cost of violence, its devastating impact on the environment, and how, ultimately, it robs them of choice: survival becomes the only option, no matter the cost.

Displaced girls and women carry potatoes through Virunga National Park. Photo: The Niles / Daniel Buuma

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

In Kajiado Central, Olgos village endures an arid landscape with sparse rainfall and frequent droughts. Vegetation is scarce, and the sun beats down relentlessly, making water a precious and often elusive resource. This scarcity significantly impacts residents, especially women, who are the primary caregivers.

Despite these hardships, the indigenous women of Olgos have become custodians of water, using age-old techniques to sustain their families and livestock through droughts.

Founded in 2018 in response to the increasing challenges posed by climate change, the Engape Group focuses on local water management. This collective of 23 women employs traditional water conservation methods, such as sand pits, sand dams, earth pans, and shallow wells, to ensure a consistent and reliable water supply throughout the year.

Peninah Moitaso, an Engape Group member, highlights the cultural heritage of these techniques. “These water conservation methods have been a part of our culture for generations,” she says. “Our grandmothers and mothers taught us how to build and maintain them. They are deeply embedded in our traditions and are more than just survival strategies.”

The Engape Group has implemented several projects that have significantly impacted the community. One such project is the construction of earth pans, which collect and store rainwater. “An earth pan is constructed where water naturally accumulates, such as in a low-lying area. Rainwater and surface runoff fill the pan during the rainy season, providing a vital water source throughout the dry season,” explains Moitaso.

Another technique is the sand pit, which harvests and stores rainwater in sandy soils. “Sandpits provide a reliable water source during dry seasons, ensuring access even when surface water dries up. They recharge local groundwater tables and improve overall water availability,” says Naomi Moitaso, another member of the Engape Group. “These methods ensure we have clean water for drinking and other uses, reducing the burden of fetching water from distant sources.”

Statistics back the success of these traditional methods. According to a 2019 report by the Ministry of Water and Sanitation, water access in Kajiado County has increased by 15 percent since implementing community-driven water projects, highlighting the effectiveness of local initiatives in addressing water scarcity.

Agnes Bene, one of the group’s founders, notes the cultural and environmental challenges women face in her community. “Men often do not participate in water conservation efforts and contribute to the problem by harvesting sand, which dries up rivers and exacerbates water scarcity,” she explains. “The rivers, once pristine water sources, have been destroyed by sand harvesters. Men take livestock to water sources first, which culturally means that the livestock must drink before women can fetch water. This practice forces women to wait, further exacerbating their struggle for water access.”

The situation in Kajiado County mirrors broader trends in the Nile Basin, where water scarcity is a growing concern. According to the World Bank, over 200 million people rely on the River Nile for their daily water supply. With the population expected to double by 2050, the pressure on water resources is set to intensify, making sustainable water management practices more critical than ever.

Engage Group’s water conservation efforts provide practical solutions and foster economic and social advancement among women. “Our projects have transformed our lives by providing a constant water source when surface water is scarce. Reliable water has significantly improved our hygiene and health, reducing waterborne illnesses,” says Bene.

The group’s initiatives have received support from the Neighbours Initiative Alliance (NIA), an NGO that has provided training and resources for effective water management. “Through capacity strengthening and knowledge transfer, NIA has equipped us to implement sustainable water projects. This support ensures the longevity of our efforts and empowers community members, especially women, in water security and management,” adds Bene.

The Engape Group envisions a future where water becomes more accessible to women in their community. They aim to construct more shallow wells and boreholes, reducing the burdensome distances women currently travel in search of water. The group is also working to halt sand harvesting, which depletes the water table and exacerbates water scarcity.

These women are not just surviving but leading the way in sustainable community water management. Their efforts highlight the power of traditional knowledge and community-driven solutions in tackling modern challenges and women’s critical role in addressing water scarcity and climate change, providing a blueprint for similar initiatives across the Nile Basin.

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

In Migori County, located in southwest Kenya near Lake Victoria, many women endure hidden struggles. The region, reliant on the Migori River for much of its water, faces challenges that extend beyond scarcity. For some, like Ruth Atieno, the river and its surroundings have been sites of profound trauma and violence.

Atieno recounts her harrowing journey with painful clarity. “I was raped while fetching water one evening,” she begins, a chilling echo of familiar stories from the Migori River and distant boreholes in Oruba. This violent attack left her bruised, traumatised, and HIV-positive.

Atieno’s early life was marked by adversity. After losing her mother at 14, her education was cut short, and she was coerced into marriage by her father and stepsisters. Still a child herself, she became pregnant within a year. Her husband, unemployed and alcoholic, squandered their meagre resources and was abusive to Atieno. In the midst of this suffering, she remained the breadwinner, always taking on odd jobs. When she pleaded with her family to help, she was met with typical dismissive advice: “Stay, be patient, pray, build your home; there are no greener pastures; beating is part of any marriage.”

Fearing for her safety and that of her unborn child, Atieno fled to Migori. There, she earned a living as a housemaid, finding brief respite with a compassionate employer until her daughter was born. Life in the Oruba slums followed, where she juggled jobs washing clothes, fetching water, and cleaning homes. Her situation briefly seemed to improve with a new relationship and two more children, but it crumbled when she discovered the man was already married, and his wife threatened her life. Fearing further violence, she escaped with her children to hide.

With no education or job and three daughters depending on her, Atieno found hope with the Amua Mama Initiative, which supports abused women. Amua, meaning “decide” in Swahili. The name reflects the initiative’s work towards women’s self-determination and autonomy, empowering them to make vital choices about their health, education, careers, and relationships. Under Phoebe Kefa’s mentorship, Atieno began to see a path forward. “Phoebe was my solace,” Atieno shares. “She helped me realise that I have daughters to care for and living with HIV wasn’t the end.” This newfound support offered her a chance to rebuild and foster a safer future for herself and her children despite the shadows of her past.

Phoebe Kefa, a 58-year-old volunteer, is a catalyst for change in her community, supporting women and children affected by assault, rape, or domestic abuse while helping them seek justice. Alongside the Amua Mama Initiative, she teaches vocational skills like tailoring.

Kefa’s memories of youth starkly contrast with her mission: she recalls oppressive mantras that women should be subservient and endure violence to learn. Despite her struggles with infertility and societal scorn, her supportive husband enabled her to create a refuge for women facing similar issues, defying their husbands’ wishes.

Facing backlash for allegedly “poisoning their women,” Kefa and her husband relocated to Migori’s Oruba Centre. Here, her work expanded, aiding hundreds and continuing her advocacy against deep-rooted gender biases.

Since 2019, Jane Auma, lawyer and CEO of Amua Mama Initiative, has transformed the lives of 65 women in Migori, especially at Oruba Centre. Initially believing only uneducated women suffered abuse due to lack of choice, Jane’s perspective changed after her own harrowing experience. When she tried to leave their toxic relationship, her then-husband conspired to have acid poured on her face. She spent two years in the hospital and faced a justice system that failed to prosecute her case. “The justice system has failed women,” Jane states. “If cases were handled without corruption, we could eliminate repeat offences and reduce assaults.”

According to UNICEF, one in three women globally will face physical or sexual violence in their lifetime—gender-based violence spikes during crises, driven by lack of education and poverty. Many women endure in silence, often blamed for their plight. Gender norms assign women tasks like fetching water, cleaning, cooking, and nurturing, exposing them to violence due to the uneven distribution of resources like water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). The 2014 journal article Violence, gender and WASH highlights the rising reports of WASH-related violence, yet documentation remains insufficient globally.

“There is no effective policy on water and sanitation,” Jane stresses. “Policymakers must listen to communities, and larger organisations need to collaborate with local initiatives to pass relevant bills.” She also highlights the lack of funding for initiatives like Amua Mama, noting that WASH budgets do not reach the community level and that most funded organisations fail to address women’s and girls’ issues intimately.

These problems are compounded for women living with a disability. Mary Atieno, a 43-year-old woman who acquired a disability while young, faces daily challenges with the sanitation facilities in her community. The toilets are difficult to access and in a dire state, shared by everyone in the slum. Mary explains, “As a woman with a disability, I use a portable iron seat for the toilet, which is in a dire state.” Her vulnerability is heightened at night when she must be extra cautious to avoid predators. “Anything can happen to me in my vulnerable state,” she adds, wishing for cleaner and safer sanitation.

Mary Atieno is soft-spoken, kind, and always smiling despite her struggles. Her inspiring demeanour and unwavering positivity captivate those around her. After escaping an emotionally abusive relationship, Mary found solace and support through the Amua Mama Initiative. With their training, she now sews from her home in Oruba while raising her 16-year-old son.

Women like Mary, Jane, Kefa and Ruth demonstrate vulnerability, compassion, love, care, and a nurturing spirit, qualities that empower them as they raise the next generation. In stark contrast, many men feel compelled to exert power, authority, and violence. What if men embraced women’s nurturing qualities? Could this be the key to reducing violence against women?

Gender-based violence must be stopped. The women of the Amua Mama initiative inspire each other, support one another, and undergo a rebirth with each new chapter of their lives. They cultivate positivity and hope for a kinder world. Their next goal is to extend their counselling to boys in schools and men in the community, fostering empathy and enabling better care for their mothers, sisters, children, and wives. “I think it all narrows down to how we raise our boys,” says Phoebe Kefa. For example, “Mary has raised such a wonderful son—caring, compassionate, and so loving. Not only does he respect his mother, but everyone he interacts with.”

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

It is early on a sunny Monday morning in Busuna village in Uganda’s Tororo District, through which the Malaba River flows. Sixteen-year-old Consolata Atieno uses a slasher to cut tall grasses, separating her family’s rice blocks. The teacher sent me home for school fees, but my mother was not there. She has taken my elder sister to the hospital, so I came here to help on the farm,” says Consolata. One block of their rice farm is ready for harvesting, while the other two are a few weeks from maturity.

Nearby, an older woman in her late seventies weeds her young rice farm, months away from harvesting. Down the path, three women work on Joseph Okello’s farm, uprooting weeds and cultivating with small hoes. Further along, two older women shell rice while two young men load sacks onto their shoulders for transport.

In Kenya, Hellen Sambaya, a mother of six, works along the River Yala with other women to search for gold. “We collect sand from the gold harvesters here in Litambiza village, Kakamega County,” Hellen explains. These women recycle the leftover sand after men have extracted gold.

Stories of determination

Hellen has been earning a living from River Yala for over ten years, discovering gold deposits around the river. “We find the remains of the sand that the miners have already processed, then we wash the sand with clean river water to find some gold,” she explains. On a good day, she earns up to 2,000 Kenyan shillings (around 15 USD). “Gold mining is better than working on someone’s farm, where I am paid only 250 shillings (2 USD) for a whole day’s work,” Hellen adds. With her earnings, she has managed to buy a dairy cow, chickens, and goats. Hellen used to grow vegetables and sugarcane along the riverbanks until floods started swallowing up the farms.

Meanwhile, in Uganda, Scovia Awori has earned 5,000 Ugandan shillings (about 1.5 USD) for working on someone’s rice farm for a few hours, either weeding or harvesting. The rice farms are owned mainly by men who rely on cheap female labour. “Women use their earnings to feed their children, pay school fees, and buy livestock like goats and cows, which are good investments,” says Richard Obbo, Busuna ‘B’ rice farm supervisor.

Betty Awor, a mother of 12, has leased three acres of rice fields to support her family. “Rice farming is good because when the harvest is good, I can get ten bags of 90 kilos from one acre, and we sell one kilo at 2,500 Ugandan shillings (0.7 USD). This has enabled me to look after my children and husband,” Betty explains. She pays the landowner one sack of rice after harvesting and is allowed to use the land for a whole year.

These stories are of tremendous difficulty, yet they are not unique. They reflect the challenges hundreds of women face in Kenya, Uganda, and the Nile Basin, compounded by environmental risks that ultimately threaten their livelihoods.

The threats to survival

In its 2016 Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Profile, the Tororo District identified sand mining, conversion of wetlands into cropland, and riverbank encroachment as common forms of environmental degradation. These issues extend beyond Tororo District, affecting the entire Nile Basin. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report Sand and Sustainability: 10 Strategic Recommendations to Avert a Crisis, sand mining accelerates the erosion of riverbanks, causing rivers to change course and destroying nearby farmland.

Activities like gold mining can be environmentally taxing. However, women are more likely to engage in sustainable practices due to their roles as primary caregivers. The UN Women report Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights that conservation efforts are more successful when women are involved in environmental management.

On the agricultural side, climate change has caused floods that have reduced arable land. “The floods have swallowed most of the land near the river. You cannot grow any vegetables when the rains begin,” says Kakamega farmer Phanice Mmbone.

In Busuna village, farmers have abandoned rice farms close to River Malaba due to flooding. “We are now three miles away from the river,” says Richard Obbo. “The water is too much; it can cover a tall person. That is a disaster for farmers around here.”

Faced with these challenges, communities are seeking solutions to mitigate the impact of climate change. Joseph Okello proposes digging trenches to manage the flooding. “If the government could dig two big trenches down there, the water wouldn’t reach our rice fields,” he suggests. Obbo supports this, explaining that the confluence of River Malaba with another river causes severe flooding during the rainy season, blocking the flow of water and inundating farms.

Wetlands and swamps naturally mitigate floods by absorbing excess water. However, increased population and urbanisation have led to encroachment on these crucial water retention areas. According to the Daily Monitor, governments have started addressing these issues by evicting people from wetlands and swamps to mitigate flooding. Yet, evicting people without providing alternative livelihoods can lead to further socio-economic challenges, necessitating comprehensive solutions that balance environmental restoration with community welfare.

Supporting sustainable alternatives

To address these issues sustainably, Dr Stella Wanjala, co-founder of Women in Water and Natural Resource Conservation, suggests providing alternative livelihoods to allow riverbanks and wetlands to regenerate.

“We know that some women are always farming on the riverbanks. They earn their livelihoods but in a destructive way,” Dr Stella warns.

“Governments and donor agents should provide alternatives like poultry farming or beekeeping. They can sell honey, eggs, and poultry to generate money that can help them.”

The intertwined stories of the Malaba and Yala rivers and Consolata, Hellen, and Betty illustrate the critical intersection of climate change, environmental degradation, and food security. As they strive to secure food for their families, these women highlight the importance of supporting community-driven and female-led environmental initiatives, ensuring a sustainable and equitable future for the people of the broader Nile Basin.

If this support continues to be lacking, the women of the rivers will continue to struggle and provide, to the detriment of the river and, in the long term, their own. As Dr Wanjala cautions: “Yes, they earn a living, but for how long?”

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

When Margaret Kigozi inherited 300 acres of land following her husband’s passing, she saw a rare opportunity to build something enduring. She established Zuri Model Farm, a pioneering agricultural venture 50 kilometres outside Kampala. Spanning nearly 230 football fields, the farm is aptly named Zuri, meaning beautiful in Swahili, as it embodies the beauty of sharing: Sharing knowledge, skill, and support.

Kigozi’s life story is deeply intertwined with the land she now nurtures. She was born into a Ugandan family with strong agricultural roots, with her father being a coffee farmer. Educated at Makerere University, one of Africa’s most prestigious institutions, Margaret initially pursued a career in medicine. As a physician, she served in Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda and later took on influential public roles, including a decade-long tenure at the Uganda Investment Authority. These experiences equipped her with invaluable leadership and business skills that would later become instrumental in her agricultural pursuits.

In 2012, Kigozi began her agricultural journey with maise and soybeans, but the results were disappointing. Undeterred, she recognised the growing need for food during the COVID-19 lockdowns and expanded her farm to include crops like cassava and sweet potatoes. This early perseverance laid the foundation for her broader vision of sustainable agriculture.

A commitment to regenerate

At the heart of Zuri Model Farm lies a commitment to sustainable and regenerative agriculture. Kigozi employs intercropping—a method where multiple crops are grown together on the same plot of land. This technique maximises land efficiency, enhances soil health, boosts biodiversity, and improves crop yields.

Kigozi has carefully chosen crop combinations that benefit from each other’s growth cycles and nutrient needs. For instance, she pairs legumes with cereals to naturally increase soil nitrogen levels, reducing the need for chemical fertilisers. Fast-growing cover crops are also planted to protect the soil from erosion and outcompete weeds. This diversified approach has cultivated a resilient farming system less vulnerable to pests and diseases.

Beyond the farm’s boundaries, Kigozi’s methods have set a standard for farmers throughout the region. The biodiversity promoted by her intercropping techniques has transformed Zuri Model Farm into a sanctuary for pollinators, including bees and butterflies, essential to the broader ecosystem. Moreover, her farm contributes to climate change mitigation efforts by sequestering carbon in the soil.

But Kigozi’s ambitions extend far beyond growing crops. In a country where nearly three in ten children under five suffer from chronic malnutrition, she has made food security her mission. According to the 2022 Global Hunger Index, the situation in Uganda is classified as “serious”. A UN World Food Program report indicated that approximately 16.5 million Ugandans faced food insecurity as of January 2023. “It’s a real shame that people lack food in a country with fertile soils and conducive weather,” Kigozi observes. The farm’s innovative practices demonstrate how farming can be adapted to meet modern challenges, ensuring sustainability while addressing food scarcity.

Bonny Johnson, the manager of Zuri Model Farm, emphasises the importance of these sustainable practices. “Achieving food security requires innovative approaches,” he explains. “By using intercropping techniques and recycling organic matter like dry banana leaves, we enrich the soil and boost the productivity of our coffee trees. Additionally, harvesting rainwater during the dry season ensures our farming remains sustainable even in challenging conditions.”

A journey to revitalise

The vision of Zuri Model Farm goes beyond agriculture; it is a beacon of community support, particularly for women. The farm employs dozens of women on long-term contracts, with many others working as casual labourers during peak seasons. These women perform crucial tasks such as pruning, weeding, and harvesting.

Zulaina Kyokushaba, a mother of seven, works in the “mother garden” at Zuri Model Farm, where she helps cultivate plants specifically for propagation. Reflecting on her experience, Zulaina says: “I now believe that one day I can also establish my own farm, employ others, help the community, and earn money.” The farm provides immediate employment and inspires long-term aspirations among the women who work there.

Adding value to raw agricultural products is another critical focus at Zuri Model Farm. By transforming primary crops into higher-value products, Kigozi increases farm revenue and creates new jobs for the community. The farm has become a destination for agricultural tourism, offering educational tours and workshops that further extend its impact.

Kigozi’s commitment to community development is also evident in her personal conservation efforts. Partnering with the Uganda National Forest Authority, she collects and distributes seedlings to residents, teaching them how to replant forests decimated by fuel harvesting. These efforts are beginning to bear fruit as wildlife like monkeys and diverse bird species return to the rejuvenated forests.

A staunch advocate for women’s rights, Kigozi is also a driving force behind Akina Mama wa Africa, a pan-African organisation dedicated to women’s leadership and policy advocacy. She proudly identifies as both a farmer and a feminist, believing that education and economic independence are the cornerstones of agency. “Pursue education whenever the opportunity arises,” she advises the women of the region.

As for lessons learned, an important one for Kigozi is patience. “You need to be aware of uncertainties,” she says. For example, she anticipated a good mango harvest this season, only for the young flowers to be blown away by winds and heavy rains. “But you don’t give up because you know next season can be better,” she adds.

The knowledge that things can be better is the essence of patience.  Margaret Kigozi’s story is not just one of personal achievement but also of using her privileged background to create opportunities for others. “The lives I have touched are my legacy,” says Kigozi.  Her journey from medicine to agriculture is a testament to how access and opportunity can be leveraged for the greater good. By transforming her inherited land into a sustainable farming enterprise, Kigozi has created jobs and built a model of agricultural resilience that benefits her entire community.

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

While water scarcity is expected in Tanzania’s arid regions, it is less understandable near abundant sources like Lake Victoria. As the largest lake in Africa, Lake Victoria is a vital resource for East Africa, supporting over 30 million people across Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. According to the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO), the fishing industry alone sustains the livelihoods of 3-4 million people.

Despite its importance, Lake Victoria faces issues such as pollution and inadequate sanitation. These issues have both localised and far-reaching impacts: local communities face water scarcity, which severely undermines their wellbeing by affecting health, safety, and economic stability, and the entire Nile Basin is affected, as Lake Victoria is the primary source of the White Nile.

The Tanzania 2020-2021 National Panel Survey (NPS) reports that 20 percent of Tanzanian households lack access to an improved source of drinking water during the rainy season, rising to 33 percent in the dry season. Improved sources include piped water, standpipes, tube wells, protected wells and springs, bottled water, and rainwater.

Dr Martin Odhiambo of the Community Alive Organisation in Musoma highlights that many Tanzanians resort to using contaminated surface water laden with bacteria and human waste. “This unsafe water is often their only option for drinking, bathing, and washing clothes, contributing to the spread of diseases.” The situation is exacerbated by open defecation, with the NPS indicating that 50 percent of Tanzanian households lack sanitary latrines.

The costs: Health, time and money

The contamination of water sources leads to numerous water-borne illnesses. Malaria, diarrhoea, and cholera all affect Tanzanians. Schistosomiasis, another severe health threat, spreads when infected individuals release parasite eggs into freshwater through their faeces or urine. These eggs hatch in the water, continuing the infection cycle and affecting those in contact with the lake. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 90 percent of those needing treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa.

These health challenges also impose significant economic costs, further deteriorating communities’ wellbeing. According to The World Bank’s 2022 Tanzania Economic Update, inadequate WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) access costs Tanzania over USD 2.4 billion (TZS 5.6 trillion) annually. This equates to 3.2 percent of the 2022 GDP or about USD 38 (TZS 88,000) per person. The report notes that over a billion days per year are lost in Tanzania due to sickness and access issues related to poor WASH.

The gendered double burden

Due to pollution and inadequate sanitation, Tanzanians living on the shores of Lake Victoria face severe water scarcity, with women and girls bearing the brunt. The 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey found that in 78.9 percent of households, women aged 15 and older are responsible for collecting drinking water, often walking eight kilometres or more. This limits their time for education and economic activities and exposes them to significant risks. The World Bank’s 2022 Tanzania Economic Update highlights the gendered consequences of this task, linking it to musculoskeletal disorders, physical injuries, exhaustion, and dehydration. Carrying heavy water loads is associated with pelvic floor dysfunction, urinary and faecal incontinence, and an increased risk of lower back pain with every additional kilogram.

The Tanzanian Gender Networking Programme (TGNP) found that inadequate access to safe, sufficient, and affordable water has led to higher rates of gender-based violence and school dropouts among girls. Families unable to afford water or school fees send their daughters to collect water, exposing them to violence and infections. Despite these dangers, they have no choice; water is essential for survival.

Mwanza-based Human Rights activist Edgar Masanja explains: “In a household where money is scarce, daughters and mothers have to spend several hours each day walking to get water from pumps. They run the risk of being attacked or raped.” This daily struggle for water profoundly impacts women’s safety, physical health, and psychological wellbeing.

Nyambona Karabana, from Mugango Village in the Mara region, exemplifies this struggle. Karabana faced numerous challenges to pursue her education. At 14, she travelled over two and a half hours each morning to reach school, often arriving late and facing punishment. At home, she woke early to fetch water from a pump two kilometres away, which could take over an hour and expose her to dangerous wildlife. According to the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, the furthest distance any household should be from the nearest water point is 500 metres. Additionally, the waiting time at a water source should be at most 15 minutes and filling a 20-litre container should take at most three minutes.

When she turned 16 years old, Karabana was sexually abused by the pump manager. When she realised she was pregnant, she informed the pump manager, who first denied his involvement and later disappeared. President John Magufuli had prohibited pregnant students from continuing their studies in government schools. “My dream to become a secondary teacher was shattered,” she says, “I knew I was going to be expelled from school and from home too.” Karabana attempted suicide.

A truth to resolve a paradox

Living near Lake Victoria should mean something other than grappling with water scarcity. Addressing this paradox requires concerted efforts. The sixth Sustainable Development Goal emphasises universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation, improved water quality, and protection of water-related ecosystems by 2030.

Tanzania has made strides toward this goal, particularly in the Mara Region, with TZS 15.7 billion (USD 6.76 million) invested in water projects over the last two years, including water tanks, pumps, and kiosks. “The government aims to develop water projects to meet the national policy of water distribution within 400 metres and to alleviate the burden on women,” says Engineer Edward Sironga, Rural Water and Sewerage Authority Manager in Musoma District.

Between 2015 and 2021, Tanzania reduced the percentage of households without sanitary toilets from 67 percent to 50 percent. Achieving universal access may take nearly 18 more years if this rate continues.

Without improvement to WASH, Tanzania will continue to face economic losses, which by 2030 could reach USD 4 billion in today’s value of money. The gains anticipated if basic WASH is achieved for everyone by 2030, according to the World Bank’s 2022 Tanzania Economic Update, are USD 1.1 billion per year, and WASH-related diseases and deaths are halved. Fast-tracking this goal to 2025 could lower losses to USD 820 million annually. The most ambitious scenario, featuring universal high-quality water and sanitation by 2030, could reduce losses to USD 330 million annually by 2030 and cut diseases and deaths by 80 percent.

Resolving WASH issues reduces waterborne diseases, bolsters safety, and generates economic benefits, with every Tanzanian Shilling invested yielding fourfold returns.

However, focusing on infrastructure alone is not enough. “It is essential to focus on comprehensive health education,” says Dr Odhiambo. Proper water and sanitation infrastructure can reduce negative impacts, including the gendered burden, but the actual positive impact requires cultural and social transformations.

For Karabana, the future looks brighter. Under the leadership of President Samiah Suluhu, East Africa’s first female president, the Back to School Programme was implemented. Now, Karabana is enrolled at the Musoma Folk Development College, pursuing both vocational training and an academic program as she prepares for her qualifying test by September. She has revived her ambitious dream of becoming a teacher.

The wellbeing of millions across the Nile Basin is intrinsically tied to the health of Lake Victoria. Issues of pollution and contamination create the paradox of living near a vast water source yet suffering from water scarcity. Resolving this paradox lies in a simple truth: healing the lake through investments in WASH services not only restores this vital resource but also enhances health, economy, and potential.

This same truth can help resolve the gender burden. Healing the wounds that women suffer from improves the overall health of communities and unlocks economic potential for the future. Together, these efforts can create a new narrative of restoration, equality, and a brighter, more equitable future for all.

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.

In Central Uganda, factories discharge waste directly into water sources, severely contaminating streams like Naava, Misiri, and Nakwaga. These streams flow into the Nile, playing a crucial role in its hydrological cycle and directly impacting nearby villages, such as Naminya village in Njeru.

Robinah Byegajye, a businesswoman from Naminya, recounts the severe health impacts faced by women, including urogenital health issues and infectious diseases. “The factories have contaminated the Naava and Misiri water streams. Our water is so polluted that we can no longer consume it.”

“When I first contracted vaginal infections, I was pregnant with my fourth child, and my baby was at risk. Initially, I thought it was witchcraft, but a medical centre diagnosed it as an infection,” she shares. Byegajye’s experiences of contracting vaginal infections during pregnancy and suffering from typhoid underscore the evolving health crisis.

Byegajye’s story is not unique. Medical professionals like Dr Mondo Ben David, an obstetrician/gynaecologist at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, confirm the broader implications of such contamination. He emphasises the significant impact of polluted water on women’s health, particularly regarding vaginal infections. Dr Ben David explains that direct contact with contaminated water exposes women to harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

“These microorganisms can enter the vaginal area, leading to infections such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs),” Dr Ben David says. “When a woman has bacterial vaginosis, the epithelium is damaged, compromising the protective barrier of the vagina. This makes it easier for her to contract STIs from an infected partner because the initial infection from the contaminated water has already weakened her vaginal health.” Chronic exposure to contaminated water also weakens the immune system, making women more susceptible to various infections. It often contains heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and mercury, further compromising overall health.

Research confirms Dr Ben David’s explanations. In 2023, the Water Research Journal published a study demonstrating that water pollution significantly increases harmful fungi, including those that can cause infections. Certain yeast species are found more often in polluted waters, indicating contamination. Higher pollution levels raise the risk of infection, with more dangerous yeast species posing a more significant threat even in smaller amounts.

The impact at the local level is loud, and citizens demand to be heard. Sozi Abdu, the second local council (LC2) chairperson of the Naminya zone, emphasises the urgent need for government intervention. “Factories release polluted smoke and biogas at night, making it impossible for women to cut banana leaves or for animals to eat grass. Washing clothes is futile as they come out dirtier due to the black substances from the factories,” he explains. “Sometimes, we don’t have national water for a week and are forced to use the contaminated stream water. This has caused numerous health issues and the death of animals,” the LC2 chairperson adds.

Despite writing letters of concern to the different government institutions, including the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and the Speaker of the Parliament of Uganda, they have yet to receive a response. In one of their petitions, the community of Njeru Central Division and Wakisi Division, Buikwe District, outlined the villages that are at risk and the factories causing the pollution. The petition even mentions that one company’s Environment and Safety personnel “confirmed that there are some leakages of water from the factory that are not yet handled, and it goes out into the streams.” Despite this, action has yet to be undertaken.

Girls for Climate Action (G4CA), a civil society organisation working to empower ecology and climate education in Njeru municipality, published a Situational Analysis Report on Water Pollution in Naava and Misiri Water Streams/Water Sources. The study, conducted from October 2023 to February 2024, collected and analysed industrial wastewater samples from different effluent discharge points. The key findings revealed that on a normal day, between one and three water quality parameters did not conform to NEMA standards. On days of waste release, between four and twelve parameters failed to meet NEMA standards. The worst water quality was detected at the NAVA-Kampala Jinja Highway Bridge crossing, with Modern Distillery and Briton Lubricant identified as the highest polluters.

Joanitah Babirye, Executive Director of G4CA, highlights the severity of the water pollution. “This affects everyone, especially women, and disrupts ecosystems, animals, and insects,” Babirye explains.

According to the National Environmental Act 2019, communities have the right to a clean and healthy environment. Ugandan law mandates that factories must be at least 100 metres from a river’s highest watermark, but many factories are much closer. Residents of Buikwe district, where Njeru is located, demand that their voices be heard and their well-being be prioritised in decision-making processes. They argue that current procedures are inadequate and fail to address the community’s immediate needs. NaFIRRI strongly recommends “better wastewater treatment practices before discharge into the environment,” as mentioned in the conclusion of the contamination lab report of the Naava, Misiri, and Nakwaga streams.

Babirye stresses the importance of empowering women and girls to fight for climate justice, emphasising the need for immediate action to protect the community’s wellbeing.

The case of industrial pollution in the Buikwe district highlights the crucial link between environmental health and the wellbeing of communities. Addressing this issue requires stricter enforcement of environmental regulations and a commitment to understanding how our actions create these problems. By prioritising health and wellbeing, especially women’s, we can safeguard the basic human need for a clean and healthy environment, benefiting the entire community. Byegajye’s experience proves this: “These streams used to provide fresh water that didn’t need boiling. Now, chemicals from factories are contaminating them.  When I stopped using stream water, my health improved.”

This article is part of The Niles Issue #19, The Feminine & The Nile, produced by Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) with financial support from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). It is part of the initiative The Niles: Strengthening Media Capacities and Networks in the Nile Basin, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SIWI, GIZ, the German Federal Foreign Office, or MiCT.